Does success in percutaneous nephrolithotomy depend only on stone size? Analysis of the predictive capacity for success and complications of the current nephrolithometry scoring systems and their relationship with the stone surface.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the predictive capacity of the nephrolithometry scoring systems (GSS, STONE, CROES and S-ReSC) and stone surface regarding success and complications following percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). METHODS: We studied 392 patients who had undergone PCNL in our center. Only patients with a non-contrast CT (n = 240) were finally included for analysis. The predictive capacities for success and complications of the different scoring systems were evaluated using ROC curves and their area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: Regarding success, the S-ReSC system had the highest predictive capacity with an AUC of 0.681 (95% CI 0.610 - 0.751), followed by the CROES with 0.667 (95% CI 0.595 - 0.738), the STONE with 0.654 (95% CI 0.579 - 0.728) and finally the GSS with 0.626 (95% CI 0.555 - 0.698). The stone surface as a single variable had an AUC of 0.641 (95% CI 0.565 - 0.718). As for complications, the S-ReSC had the highest AUC with 0.664 (95% CI 0.57 - 0.758), followed by STONE with 0.663 (95% CI 0.572 - 0.755), GSS with 0.626 (95% CI 0.555). - 0.698) and CROES with 0.614 (95% CI 0.518 - 0.7). The stone surface alone had an AUC of 0.616 (95% CI 0.522 - 0.715). CONCLUSION: The nephrolithometry scales analyzed show a moderate predictive capacity for success and complications in patients undergoing PCNL in our center. Moreover, stone surface as an independent variable demonstrates moderate predictive capacity for both outcomes.

Extraction of geraniol from palmarosa oil using hydrotropic solvents / Extracción de geraniol del aceite de palmarosa utilizando solventes hidrotrópicos

The extraction of geraniol from palmarosa oil using hydrotropic solvents was investigated. Palmarosa oil possesses an appealing rose aroma and properties like anti - inflammatory, antifungal, and antioxidant due to the presence of geraniol. The extraction of geraniol from palmarosa oil by using distillation methods like steam dis tillation and fractional distillation was a laborious process. So hydrotropes were tried for extraction. The geraniol yield and purity depend on parameters like concentration of hydrotrope, solvent volume ratio, and time period. Using the Box Benkhem Desig n (BBD), the extraction process was optimized. One of the major advantages of using hydrotropic solvents is that they were classified as green solvents, and recovery of solvents is also possible. To reduce the extraction time probe sonication is carried ou t. Different hydrotropic solvents with probe sonication are done on palmarosa oil by altering various process parameters to study the separation, yield, and purity.

Se investigó la extracción de geraniol del aceite de palmarosa utilizando solventes hidrotrópicos. El aceite de palmarosa posee un atractivo aroma a rosa y propiedades antiinflamatorias, antifúngicas y antioxidantes debido a la pr esencia de geraniol. La extracción de geraniol del aceite de palmarosa mediante métodos de destilación como la destilación por vapor y la destilación fraccionada ha sido un proceso laborioso. Por lo tanto, se probaron los hidrotropos para la extracción. El rendimiento y la pureza del geraniol dependen de parámetros como la concentración del hidrotropo, la relación de volumen del solvente y el período de tiempo. Se optimizó el proceso de extracción usando el diseño Box Benkhem (BBD). Una de las principales v entajas de usar solventes hidrotrópicos es que se clasifican como solventes verdes y también es posible recuperar los solventes. Para reducir el tiempo de extracción, se lleva a cabo una sonda de ultrasonido. Se realizan diferentes solventes hidrotropos co n sonda de ultrasonido en el aceite de palmarosa alterando varios parámetros del proceso para estudiar la separación, el rendimiento y la pureza.

Predicting histological grade in symptomatic meningioma by an objective estimation of the tumoral surface irregularity.

INTRODUCTION: Predicting the histopathologic grade of meningioma is relevant because local recurrence is significantly greater in WHO grade II-III compared to WHO grade I tumours, which would ideally benefit from a more aggressive surgical strategy. It has been suggested that higher WHO grade tumours are more irregularly-shaped. However, irregularity is a subjective and observer-dependent feature. In this study, the tumour surface irregularity of a large series of meningiomas, measured upon preoperative MRI, is quantified and correlated with the WHO grade. METHODS: Unicentric retrospective observational study of a cohort of symptomatic meningiomas surgically removed in the time period between January 2015 and December 2022. Using specific segmentation software, the Surface Factor (SF) was calculated for each meningioma. SF is an objective parameter that compares the surface of a sphere (minimum surface area for a given volume) with the same volume of the tumour against the actual surface of the tumour. This ratio varies from 0 to 1, being 1 the maximum sphericity. Since irregularly-shaped meningiomas present proportionally greater surface area, the SF tends to decrease as irregularity increases. SF was correlated with WHO grade and its predictive power was estimated with ROC curve analysis. RESULTS: A total of 176 patients (64.7% females) were included in the study; 120 WHO grade I (71.9%), 43 WHO grade II (25.7%) and 4 WHO grade III (2.4%). A statistically significant difference was found between the mean SF of WHO grade I and WHO grade II-III tumours (0.8651 ±â€¯0.049 versus 0.7081 ±â€¯0.105, p < 0.0001). Globally, the SF correctly classified more than 90% of cases (area under ROC curve 0.940) with 93.3% sensibility and 80.9% specificity. A cutoff value of 0.79 yielded the maximum precision, with positive and negative predictive powers of 82.6% and 92.6%, respectively. Multivariate analysis yielded SF as an independent prognostic factor of WHO grade. CONCLUSION: The Surface Factor is an objective and quantitative parameter that helps to identify aggressive meningiomas preoperatively. A cutoff value of 0.79 allowed differentiation between WHO grade I and WHO grade II-III with high precision.

Mapeamento do Potencial da Superfície Corporal durante a Despolarização Ventricular em Atletas com Intervalo PQ Prolongado após Exercício / Body Surface Potential Mapping during Ventricular Depolarization in Athletes with Prolonged PQ Interval after Exercise

Resumo Fundamento: O prolongamento do intervalo PQ, geralmente associado a um atraso na condução atrioventricular, pode estar relacionado a alterações na propagação do impulso intraventricular. Objetivo: Avaliar, por meio do mapeamento do potencial de superfície corporal (BSPM), o processo de despolarização ventricular em atletas com intervalos PQ prolongados em repouso e após o exercício. Métodos: O estudo incluiu 7 esquiadores cross-country com intervalo PQ superior a 200 ms (grupo PQ Prolongado) e 7 com intervalo PQ inferior a 200 ms (grupo PQ Normal). O BSPM de 64 derivações unipolares do tronco foi realizado antes (Pré-Ex) e após o teste ergométrico de bicicleta (Pós-Ex). Mapas equipotenciais da superfície corporal foram analisados durante a despolarização ventricular. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados: Comparado com atletas com PQ Normal, o primeiro e o segundo períodos de posição estável dos potenciais cardíacos na superfície do tronco foram mais longos, e a formação da distribuição de potencial "sela" ocorreu mais tarde, no Pré-Ex, nos atletas com PQ Prolongado. No Pós-Ex, o grupo PQ Prolongado apresentou um encurtamento do primeiro e segundo períodos de distribuições de potencial estáveis e uma diminuição no tempo de aparecimento do fenômeno "sela" em relação ao Pré-Ex (para valores próximos aos do Normal -Grupo PQ). Além disso, no Pós-Ex, a primeira inversão das distribuições de potencial e a duração total da despolarização ventricular em atletas com PQ Prolongado diminuíram em comparação com o Pré-Ex e com valores semelhantes em atletas com PQ Normal. Em comparação com atletas com PQ Normal, a segunda inversão foi mais longa no Pré-Ex e Pós-Ex em atletas com PQ Prolongado. Conclusão: Atletas com PQ prolongado apresentaram diferenças significativas nas características temporais do BSPM durante a despolarização ventricular, tanto em repouso quanto após o exercício, em comparação com atletas com PQ normal.

Abstract Background: Prolongation of the PQ interval, generally associated with an atrioventricular conduction delay, may be related to changes in intraventricular impulse spreading. Objective: To assess, using body surface potential mapping (BSPM), the process of ventricular depolarization in athletes with prolonged PQ intervals at rest and after exercise. Methods: The study included 7 cross-country skiers with a PQ interval of more than 200 ms (Prolonged-PQ group) and 7 with a PQ interval of less than 200 ms (Normal-PQ group). The BSPM from 64 unipolar torso leads was performed before (Pre-Ex) and after the bicycle exercise test (Post-Ex). Body surface equipotential maps were analyzed during ventricular depolarization. The significance level was 5%. Results: Compared to Normal-PQ athletes, the first and second periods of the stable position of cardiac potentials on the torso surface were longer, and the formation of the "saddle" potential distribution occurred later, at Pre-Ex, in Prolonged-PQ athletes. At Post-Ex, the Prolonged-PQ group showed a shortening of the first and second periods of stable potential distributions and a decrease in appearance time of the "saddle" phenomenon relative to Pre-Ex (to the values near to those of the Normal-PQ group). Additionally, at Post-Ex, the first inversion of potential distributions and the total duration of ventricular depolarization in Prolonged-PQ athletes decreased compared to Pre-Ex and with similar values in Normal-PQ athletes. Compared to Normal-PQ athletes, the second inversion was longer at Pre-Ex and Post-Ex in Prolonged-PQ athletes. Conclusion: Prolonged-PQ athletes had significant differences in the temporal characteristics of BSPM during ventricular depolarization both at rest and after exercise as compared to Normal-PQ athletes.

Closing the gap between existing large-area imaging research and marine conservation needs.

Emerging technology has immense potential to increase the scale and efficiency of marine conservation. One such technology is large-area imaging (LAI), which relies on structure-from-motion photogrammetry to create composite products, including 3-dimensional (3-D) environmental models, that are larger in spatial extent than the individual images used to create them. Use of LAI has become widespread in certain fields of marine science, primarily to measure the 3D structure of benthic ecosystems and track change over time. However, the use of LAI in the field of marine conservation appears limited. We conducted a review of the coral reef literature on the use of LAI to identify research themes and regional trends in applications of this technology. We also surveyed 135 coral reef scientists and conservation practitioners to determine community familiarity with LAI, evaluate barriers practitioners face in using LAI, and identify applications of LAI believed to be most exciting or relevant to coral conservation. Adoption of LAI was limited primarily to researchers at institutions based in advanced economies and was applied infrequently to conservation, although conservation practitioners and survey respondents from emerging economies indicated they expect to use LAI in the future. Our results revealed disconnect between current LAI research topics and conservation priorities identified by practitioners, highlighting the need for more diverse, conservation-relevant research using LAI. We provide recommendations for how early adopters of LAI (typically Global North scientists from well-resourced institutions) can facilitate access to this conservation technology. These recommendations include developing training resources, creating partnerships for data storage and analysis, publishing standard operating procedures for LAI workflows, standardizing methods, developing tools for efficient data extraction from LAI products, and conducting conservation-relevant research using LAI.

Reducción de la brecha entre la investigación actual de imágenes de gran superficie y las necesidades de la conservación marina Resumen Las nuevas tecnologías tienen un enorme potencial para aumentar la escala y la eficiencia de la conservación marina. Una de ellas son las imágenes de gran superficie (IGS), que se basan en la fotogrametría de estructura a partir del movimiento para crear productos compuestos, incluidos modelos ambientales tridimensionales (3D), cuya extensión espacial es mayor que la de las imágenes individuales utilizadas para crearlos. El uso de las IGS se ha generalizado en determinados campos de las ciencias marinas, principalmente para medir la estructura tridimensional de los ecosistemas bentónicos y realizar un seguimiento de los cambios a lo largo del tiempo. Sin embargo, el uso de las IGS en el campo de la conservación marina parece limitado. Realizamos una revisión de la bibliografía sobre el uso de las IGS en los arrecifes de coral para identificar temas de investigación y tendencias regionales en las aplicaciones de esta tecnología. También encuestamos a 135 científicos de arrecifes de coral y profesionales de la conservación para determinar la familiaridad de la comunidad con las IGS, evaluar las barreras a las que se enfrentan los profesionales en el uso de las IGS e identificar sus aplicaciones consideradas como las más interesantes o relevantes para la conservación del coral. La adopción de las IGS se limitó principalmente a los investigadores de las instituciones con sede en las economías avanzadas y se aplicó con poca frecuencia a la conservación, aunque los profesionales de la conservación y los encuestados de las economías emergentes indicaron que esperan utilizar las IGS en el futuro. Nuestros resultados revelaron una desconexión entre los actuales temas de investigación de las IGS y las prioridades de conservación identificadas por los profesionales, lo que subraya la necesidad de una investigación más diversa y relevante para la conservación mediante el uso de las IGS.

The impact of echocardiographic indexation to evaluate cardiac reverse remodeling throughout pregnancy and postpartum.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Echocardiography guidelines suggest normalizing left ventricular (LV) volumes and mass (LVM) to body size. During pregnancy, continuous weight variation impacts on body surface area (BSA) calculation, limiting the longitudinal analysis of cardiac remodeling (CR) and reverse remodeling (RR) variables. Our aim was to identify the most common indexing methodologies in the literature on pregnant populations through a systematic review; and, to compare four scaling methods: (i) none (absolute values); (ii) indexing to the BSA before pregnancy; (iii) allomeric indexing; and (iv) indexing to BSA measured at the same day of cardiac assessment, using an illustrative example. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of CR and RR during pregnancy and post-partum, using two databases. We included studies reporting longitudinal echocardiographic analysis of cardiac chamber volumes in humans. We used a prospective cohort study of healthy pregnant women who underwent four echocardiographic evaluations during pregnancy and postpartum, as an illustrative example. RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies were included, most studies indexed to BSA measured at each evaluation moment (n=21). Within-subjects design was the most reported to analyse longitudinal data (n=17). Indexation to the pre-pregnancy BSA or application of allometric indexes revealed a higher effect than BSA measured at each evaluation and an equal effect to not indexing using within-subjects design. The within-subjects designs also revealed a higher effect size value than the between-subjects design for longitudinal analysis of LVM adaptations during pregnancy and postpartum. CONCLUSION(S): This study concludes that indexation methods do not impact the clinical interpretation of longitudinal echocardiographic assessment but highlights the need to harmonize normalization procedures during pregnancy.

A microscopia eletrônica de varredura pode ser usada para medir quantitativamente a rugosidade da dentina? / Can Scanning Electron Microscopy be used to quantitatively measure dentine roughness?

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if SEM used with imaging software could be used to quantitatively determine the extent of dentine roughness due to tooth-brushing. Material and methods: Flat, polished dentine surfaces were subjected to 25,000 cycles of simulated tooth-brushing at 2 strokes per second with a load of 200 g. At the end of the brushing cycle, dentine surfaces were first assessed using profilometry and then subjected to SEM analysis. Ra (average roughness) readings were obtained for profilometric assessment. Using imaging software, the horizontal distance between adjacent characteristic grooves noted on micrographs was measured, ensuring that the middle of each crest of the associated groove was used as the reference point, the Crest-to-Crest distance (C-C distance). These two parameters were examined statistically for correlation. Results: When Spearman Rank tests were utilized the correlation between average Ra and crest to crest measurements was 0.709 (p <0.01). The Bland Altman plot, however, showed poor agreement between the two test parameters. Conclusion: Further work is needed to validate the use of this methodology in the quantitative assessment of tooth surface loss due to abrasion (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se o MEV usado com software de imagem poderia ser usado para determinar quantitativamente a extensão da rugosidade da dentina devido à escovação dentária. Material e Métodos: Superfícies dentinárias planas e polidas foram submetidas a 25.000 ciclos de escovação dentária simulada a 2 movimentos por segundo com uma carga de 200g. No final do ciclo de escovação, as superfícies dentinárias foram primeiro avaliadas por perfilometria e depois submetidas à análise MEV. Leituras de Ra (rugosidade média) foram obtidas para avaliação perfilométrica. Utilizando um software de imagem, foi medida a distância horizontal entre sulcos característicos adjacentes observados nas micrografias, garantindo que o meio de cada crista do sulco associado fosse usado como ponto de referência, a distância crista a crista (distância CC). Esses dois parâmetros foram examinados estatisticamente para correlação. Resultados: Quando foram utilizados os testes de Spearman Rank, a correlação entre a média de Ra e as medidas de crista a crista foi de 0,709 (p<0,01). O gráfico de Bland Altman, no entanto, mostrou fraca concordância entre os dois parâmetros de teste. Conclusão: Mais trabalhos são necessários para validar o uso desta metodologia na avaliação quantitativa da perda da superfície dentária devido à abrasão(AU)

Relationship between the number of glaucoma medications, ocular surface disorder, and treatment adherence / Relação entre o número de medicamentos para glaucoma, distúrbio da superfície ocular e adesão ao tratamento

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the relationship of ocular surface disease, the number of glaucoma medications prescribed and its influence on treatment adherence. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, demographic data of patients with glaucoma were collected, and patients completed the ocular surface disease index questionnaire and the glaucoma treatment compliance assessment tool. Ocular surface parameters were assessed by "Keratograph 5M." Patients were stratified into two groups according to the amount of prescribed ocular hypotensive eye drops (Group 1, one or two classes of medications; Group 2, three or four classes) Results: In total, 27 eyes of 27 patients with glaucoma were included: 17 using 1 or 2 topical medications (Group 1) and 10 eyes using 3 or 4 classes (Group 2). For the Keratograph assessment, patients using ≥3 medications had significantly smaller tear meniscus height (0.27 ± 0.10 vs. 0.43 ± 0.22; p=0.037). The analysis of Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire showed higher scores among the groups using more hypotensive eye drops (18.67 ± 13.53 vs. 38.82 ± 19.72; p=0.004). Regarding the glaucoma treatment compliance assessment tool, Group 2 had worse scores in components of forgetfulness (p=0.027) and barriers due to lack of drops (p=0.031). Conclusion: Patients with glaucoma using more hypotensive eye drops had worse tear meniscus height and ocular surface disease index scores than those using fewer topical medications. Patients using three or four drug classes had worse predictors of glaucoma adherence. Despite worse ocular surface disease results, no significant difference in self-reported side effects was found.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a relação entre doença da superfície ocular (OSD), número de medicamentos prescritos para o glaucoma, e como isso influencia na adesão ao tratamento. Métodos: Neste estudo transversal, pacientes com glaucoma foram submetidos à coleta de dados demográficos, preenchimento do questionário Ocular Surface Disease Index e do Glaucoma Treatment Compliance Assessment Tool. Os parâmetros da superfície ocular foram avaliados pelo "Keratograph 5M". Indivíduos foram estratificados em 2 grupos de acordo com a quantidade de colírios hipotensores oculares prescritos (Grupo 1: uma ou duas classes de medicamentos; Grupo 2: três ou quatro classes). Resultados: No total, 27 olhos de 27 pacientes com glaucoma foram incluídos: 17 usando 1 ou 2 medicamentos tópicos (Grupo 1) e 10 olhos usando 3 ou 4 classes (Grupo 2). Na avaliação do Keratograph, os pacientes em uso de 3 ou mais medicamentos apresentaram altura do menisco lacrimal significativamente menor (0,27 ± 0,10 vs. 0,43 ± 0,22; p=0,037). Análise do questionário OSDI mostrou escores mais altos entre o grupo que usou mais colírios hipotensores (18,67 ± 13,53 vs. 38,82 ± 19,72; p=0,004). Em relação ao Glaucoma Treatment Compliance Assessment Tool, o Grupo 2 apresentou piores escores nos componentes de esquecimento (p=0,027) e barreiras por falta de colírios (p=0,031). Conclusão: O estudo demonstrou que pacientes com glaucoma usando mais colírios hipotensivos apresentaram piores escores de altura do menisco lacrimal e Ocular Surface Disease Index, em comparação com aqueles que usaram menos medicamentos tópicos. Pacientes em uso de 3 ou 4 classes de colírios tiveram piores preditores de adesão ao glaucoma. Apesar dos piores resultados de doença da superfície ocular, não houve diferença significativa nos efeitos colaterais relatados.

Effects of the preoperative use of artificial tears combined with recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor on cataract patients complicated with dry eyes / Efeitos do uso pré-operatório de lágrimas artificiais combinadas com fator de crescimento de fibroblastos básicos bovinos recombinantes em pacientes com catarata complicada com olhos secos

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess the effects of the preoperative application of artificial tears combined with recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor on the ocular surface function and inflammatory factor levels after operation in cataract patients complicated with dry eyes. Methods: A total of 118 cataract patients (118 eyes) complicated with dry eyes treated from February 2019 to February2020 were assigned to control and observation groups (n=59 eyes/group) using a random number table. One week before the operation, the control group was administered 0.1% sodium hyaluronate eye drops (artificial tears), based on which the observation group received Beifushu eye drops (recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor), both 6 times daily for 1 week. A comparison was made between the scores of clinical symptoms and the indices of ocular surface function, inflammatory factors in tears, and oxidative stress indices before and after the operation. The ocular surface function was evaluated by an ocular surface disease index questionnaire, tear film breakup-time assay, Schirmer's I test, and corneal fluorescein stain test. The inflammatory factors in tears were measured. Results: No significant differences were noted in the general data and clinical symptom score, ocular surface disease index, tear film breakup-time, Schirmer's I test score, fluorescein stain score, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxide, and total antioxidant capacity before treatment between the 2 groups (p>0.05). After treatment, the clinical symptom score, ocular surface disease index, fluorescein stain score, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, malondial-dehyde and lipid peroxide declined significantly, and tear film breakup-time, Schirmer's I test score, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity increased in both the groups. The improvements in the clinical symptom score as well as in the indices of ocular surface function, inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress were more prominent in the observation group than in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions: Artificial tears combined with recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor before operation. significantly improved the ocular surface function, reduced inflammatory factors in tears, and alleviated dry eye symptoms after operation in cataract patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da aplicação pré-operatória de lágrimas artificiais combinadas com o fator de crescimento de fibroblastos básicos bovinos recombinantes na função da superfície ocular e níveis de fator inflamatório após cirurgia em pacientes com catarata complicada com olhos secos. Métodos: Um total de 118 pacientes com catarata complicada com olhos secos (118 olhos), tratados entre fevereiro de 2019 e fevereiro de 2020, foram divididos em grupos de controle e de observação (n=59, 59 olhos) usando uma tabela de números aleatórios. Uma semana antes da cirurgia, o grupo controle recebeu colírio de hialuronato de sódio a 0,1% (lágrimas artificiais), enquanto o grupo de observação recebeu colírio Beifushu (fator de crescimento de fibroblastos básicos bovinos recombinantes), ambos, seis vezes ao dia, por uma semana. Antes do tratamento e um mês após a cirurgia, os escores de sintomas clínicos, índices de função da superfície ocular, níveis de fatores inflamatórios nas lágrimas e índices de estresse oxidativo foram comparados. A função da superfície ocular foi avaliada pelo questionário do índice de doença da superfície ocular, ensaio de tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, teste I de Schirmer e teste de coloração por fluoresceína da córnea. Os níveis de fatores inflamatórios nas lágrimas foram medidos. Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas nos dados gerais e no escore de sintomas clínicos, índice de doença da superfície ocular, tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, escore do teste I de Schirmer, pontuação do teste de coloração por fluoresceína da córnea, interleucina-6, fator de necrose tumoral alfa, malondialdeído, superóxido dismutase, peróxido lipídico e capacidade antioxidante total antes do tratamento entre os dois grupos (p>0,05). Após o tratamento, o escore de sintomas clínicos, índice de doença da superfície ocular, escore do teste de coloração por fluoresceína da córnea, fator de necrose tumoral alfa, interleucina-6, malondialdeído e peróxido lipídico diminuíram significativamente, e o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, escore do teste I de Schirmer, superóxido dismutase e a capacidade antioxidante total aumentou em ambos os grupos. As melhorias no escore de sintomas clínicos, bem como os índices de função da superfície ocular, fatores inflamatórios e estresse oxidativo foram mais proeminentes no grupo de observação do que no grupo controle (p<0,05). Conclusões: Lágrimas artificiais combinadas com fator de crescimento de fibroblastos básicos recombinantes antes da cirurgia melhoram notavelmente a função da superfície ocular, diminuem os níveis de fatores inflamatórios nas lágrimas e aliviam os sintomas de olho seco após a cirurgia em pacientes com catarata complicada com olhos secos.

Surface roughness of resin-based composites subjected to professional prophylaxis / Rugosidade de superfície de resinas compostas após profilaxia profissional

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de dois métodos de profilaxia sobre a rugosidade superficial de diferentes resinas compostas. Materiais e Métodos: Dez amostras (7 mm x 2 mm) foram confeccionadas para cada resina testada: MH - resina microhíbrida (viscosidade regular - Opallis); NH ­ resina nanohíbrida (viscosidade regular - Vittra APS); BF ­ resina bulk fill (alta viscosidade - Opus Bulk Fill); MHF ­ resina fluida microhíbrida (Opallis flow); e OS ­ resina nanohíbrida camaleão (viscosidade regular - Vittra Unique). Os valores iniciais de rugosidade (Rai) foram obtidos para cada amostra e então subdivididas em dois grupos (n = 5) seguindo o método de profilaxia: SB ­ jato de bicarbonato de sódio (125µm, 30 s, 10 mm de distância, 2 bar); e PP ­ profilaxia com pasta de pedra-pomes e escova rotatória (30 s, 3000 rpm e pressão de 150 g). Após, uma nova medida de Ra (Raf) foi obtida, e a diferença calculada (ΔRa). Os dados foram analisados pelo teste ANOVA três fatores e teste de Bonferroni, e a diferença de rugosidade (ΔRa) pelo teste Anova dois fatores e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Resultados: MHF apresentou maior rugosidade após profilaxia com jato de bicarbonato, enquanto para NH a abrasão com pedra pomes foi mais deletéria. Para os demais grupos não houve diferença. Discussão: A alteração na rugosidade promovida pela profilaxia é material-dependente. Conclusão: A profilaxia profissional com jato de bicarbonato ou abrasão com pedra-pomes induziu alterações na rugosidade das resinas.

Aim: This study evaluated the effect of two prophylaxis methods over the surface roughness of different resin composites. Materials and Methods: Ten disc-shaped specimens (7 mm x 2 mm) were made for each composite tested: MH - microhybrid composite with regular viscosity (Opallis); NH ­ nanohybrid composite with regular viscosity (Vittra APS); BF ­ high-viscosity bulk fill composite (Opus Bulk Fill); MHF - microhybrid flowable composite (Opallis flow); and OS ­ nanohybrid one-shade composite with regular viscosity (Vittra Unique). Initial roughness (Ra) values were obtained from each sample, and then they were divided into two groups (n = 5) following the prophylaxis method: SB ­ prophylaxis with sodium bicarbonate powder (125µm grain) using an air-powder polishing device (30 s application distanced 10 mm with 2 bar); and PP ­ prophylaxis with pumice paste and rotatory brush (30 s, 3000 rpm and pressure of 150 g). After that, a new Ra measurement (Raf) was obtained, and the difference was calculated (ΔRa). Data were compared using Three-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni teste and the Ra difference (ΔRa) was analyzed by Two-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test (p<0.05). Results: MHF presented higher Ra values after receiving prophylaxis with SB, while for NH, the abrasion with pumice increased the Ra, and for the other groups, no differences were found. Discussion: Alteration promoted by prophylaxis is material dependent. Conclusion: Professional prophylaxis with a bicarbonate jet or abrasion with pumice-based paste can induce changes in the composites' roughness.

Rugosidade de superfície de resinas compostas após profilaxia profissional / Surface roughness of resin-based composites subjected to professional prophylaxis

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de dois métodos de profilaxia sobre a rugosidade superficial de diferentes resinas compostas. Materiais e Métodos: Dez amostras (7 mm x 2 mm) foram confeccionadas para cada resina testada: MH - resina microhíbrida (viscosidade regular - Opallis); NH ­ resina nanohíbrida (viscosidade regular - Vittra APS); BF ­ resina bulk fill (alta viscosidade - Opus Bulk Fill); MHF ­ resina fluida microhíbrida (Opallis flow); e OS ­ resina nanohíbrida camaleão (viscosidade regular - Vittra Unique). Os valores iniciais de rugosidade (Rai) foram obtidos para cada amostra e então subdivididas em dois grupos (n = 5) seguindo o método de profilaxia: SB ­ jato de bicarbonato de sódio (125µm, 30 s, 10 mm de distância, 2 bar); e PP ­ profilaxia com pasta de pedra-pomes e escova rotatória (30 s, 3000 rpm e pressão de 150 g). Após, uma nova medida de Ra (Raf) foi obtida, e a diferença calculada (ΔRa). Os dados foram analisados pelo teste ANOVA três fatores e teste de Bonferroni, e a diferença de rugosidade (ΔRa) pelo teste Anova dois fatores e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Resultados: MHF apresentou maior rugosidade após profilaxia com jato de bicarbonato, enquanto para NH a abrasão com pedra pomes foi mais deletéria. Para os demais grupos não houve diferença. Discussão: A alteração na rugosidade promovida pela profilaxia é material-dependente. Conclusão: A profilaxia profissional com jato de bicarbonato ou abrasão com pedra-pomes induziu alterações na rugosidade das resinas.

Aim: This study evaluated the effect of two prophylaxis methods over the surface roughness of different resin composites. Materials and Methods: Ten disc-shaped specimens (7 mm x 2 mm) were made for each composite tested: MH - microhybrid composite with regular viscosity (Opallis); NH ­ nanohybrid composite with regular viscosity (Vittra APS); BF ­ high-viscosity bulk fill composite (Opus Bulk Fill); MHF - microhybrid flowable composite (Opallis flow); and OS ­ nanohybrid one-shade composite with regular viscosity (Vittra Unique). Initial roughness (Ra) values were obtained from each sample, and then they were divided into two groups (n = 5) following the prophylaxis method: SB ­ prophylaxis with sodium bicarbonate powder (125µm grain) using an air-powder polishing device (30 s application distanced 10 mm with 2 bar); and PP ­ prophylaxis with pumice paste and rotatory brush (30 s, 3000 rpm and pressure of 150 g). After that, a new Ra measurement (Raf) was obtained, and the difference was calculated (ΔRa). Data were compared using Three-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni teste and the Ra difference (ΔRa) was analyzed by Two-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test (p<0.05). Results: MHF presented higher Ra values after receiving prophylaxis with SB, while for NH, the abrasion with pumice increased the Ra, and for the other groups, no differences were found. Discussion: Alteration promoted by prophylaxis is material dependent. Conclusion: Professional prophylaxis with a bicarbonate jet or abrasion with pumice-based paste can induce changes in the composites' roughness.

Liver Size and its Correlation with Anthropometric Parameters and Age / El Tamaño del Hígado y su Correlación con los Parámetros Antropométricos y la Edad

SUMMARY: The liver has over 500 physiological and biochemical roles in our organism so checking of liver size and function is a part of every clinical examination. Aim of our research was to estimate liver size on computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen images and to determinate relations between liver dimensions and anthropometric parameters. The research included 99 patients, 49 men and 50 women, who were referred for CT of abdomen. We measured body height (BH) and body mass (BM), and calculated body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA). Also, on CT images we measured anteroposterior (AP), laterolateral (LL) and two craniocaudal liver diameters (one at the level of midclavicular line - CCmcl, and the other was maximal - CCmax). Liver volume (LV) was calculated with formula. Our results showed that AP diameter positively correlated with BSA (r=0.30) in women. LL diameter positively correlated with BH (r=0.43), and BSA (0.31) in men. CCmcl diameter positively correlated with BH (r=0.33), BM (r=0.31), and BSA (r=0.34) in men, while in women it correlated only with BH (r=0.38). CCmax diameter positively correlated with BH (r=0.33) and BSA (r=0.33) in men. LV positively correlated with BH and BSA in both men (r=0.36, r=0.33, respectively) and women (r=0.42, r=0.31, respectively), and in men also with BM (r=0.34). LL, CCmcl, CCmax, and LV negatively correlated with aging in both sexes After the age of 60, there was a decrease in size of LL, CC diameters, as well as in LV. We concluded that liver dimensions decrease with aging, regardless of sex at the expanse of LL and CC diameters which are related to the size of body parameters, so that for a precise evaluation of liver size all three diameters should be measured, LV as well as BH, BM, and BSA.

El hígado desempeña más de 500 funciones fisiológicas y bioquímicas en nuestro organismo, por lo que comprobar el tamaño y la función de este órgano es parte de cada examen clínico. El objetivo de nuestra investigación fue estimar el tamaño del hígado mediante tomografía computarizada (TC) de imágenes del abdomen y determinar las relaciones entre las dimensiones del hígado y los parámetros antropométricos. La investigación incluyó a 99 pacientes, 49 hombres y 50 mujeres, que fueron remitidos para TC de abdomen. Medimos la altura corporal (BH) y la masa corporal (BM), y calculamos el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y el área de superficie corporal (BSA). Además, en las imágenes de TC medimos los diámetros hepáticos anteroposterior (AP), laterolateral (LL) y dos craneocaudales (uno a nivel de la línea medioclavicular - CCmcl, y el diámetro máximo - CCmax). El volumen del hígado (VI) se calculó con una fórmula. Nuestros resultados mostraron que el diámetro AP se correlacionó positivamente con BSA (r = 0,30) en mujeres. El diámetro de LL se correlacionó positivamente con BH (r=0,43) y BSA (0,31) en hombres. El diámetro CCmcl se correlacionó positivamente con BH (r=0,33), BM (r=0,31) y BSA (r=0,34) en hombres, mientras que en mujeres se correlacionó solo con BH (r=0,38). El diámetro CCmax se correlacionó positivamente con BH (r=0,33) y BSA (r=0,33) en hombres. El VI se correlacionó positivamente con BH y BSA tanto en hombres (r=0,36, r=0,33, respectivamente) como en mujeres (r=0,42, r=0,31, respectivamente), y en hombres también con BM (r=0,34). LL, CCmcl, CCmax y LV se correlacionaron negativamente con el envejecimiento en ambos sexos. Después de los 60 años, hubo una disminución en el tamaño de los diámetros LL, CC y LV. Concluimos que las dimensiones del hígado disminuyen con la edad, independientemente del sexo, en la extensión de los diámetros LL y CC que están relacionados con el tamaño de los parámetros corporales, por lo que para una evaluación precisa del tamaño del hígado se debe medir LV como BH, BM y BSA.

Biofuncionalización de superficies a base de fibroína de seda para su potencial uso en aplicaciones cardiovasculares

En el presente trabajo, se biofuncionalizaron con heparina películas fabricadas a base de fibroína (SF) y polivinil alcohol (PVA) utilizando dos técnicas diferentes, la primera por acople de carbodiimida y la segunda por aprovechamiento de interacciones electrostáticas, buscando conseguir un comportamiento antitrombogénico en la superficie de las películas fabricas para su potencial uso como biomateriales para la fabricación de implantes cardiovasculares. Las muestras biofuncionalizadas fueron sometidas a una prueba de coagulación de sangre para verificar el éxito de dicha biofuncionalización. Los resultados mostraron que las muestras biofuncionalizadas por acople de carbodiimida, además de presentar una actividad antitrombogénica superior a las biofuncionalizadas por aprovechamiento de interacciones electrostáticas, presentaban valores de ángulos de contacto más cercanos a los de los materiales para la fabricación de implantes cardiovasculares, y que también, la biofuncionalización no afecta significativamente las propiedades mecánicas y superficiales de las películas fabricadas.

In the present work, fibroin, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) - based films were biofunctionalized using two different techniques, the first by carbodiimide coupling and second by exploiting electrostatic interactions, seeking to achieve antithrombogenic behavior on the surface of the manufactured films for their potential use as biomaterials for the manufacture of cardiovascular implants. The biofunctionalized samples were submitted to the blood clotting test to verify the success of said biofunctionalization. The results showed that the samples biofunctionalized by carbodiimide coupling, in addition to presenting a higher antithrombogenic activity than those biofunctionalized by taking advantage of electrostatic interactions, presented contact angles values closer to those of the materials for the manufacture of cardiovascular implants, and that also, the biofunctionalization does not significantly affect the mechanical and surface properties of the fabricated films

Lentes de contacto y disbiosis ocular, de lo transitorio a lo patológico / Contact lenses and ocular dysbiosis, from the transitory to the pathological

La microbiota ocular normal está compuesta por diferentes comunidades bacterianas Gram negativas y positivas que actúan en la superficie ocular como comensales. Un desequilibrio en la homeostasis de las especies nativas o disbiosis desencadena alteraciones funcionales que eventualmente pueden conllevar afecciones oculares, señalándose al uso de lentes de contacto como el factor predisponente más relevante. Mediante una revisión bibliográfica que incluyó artículos científicos publicados entre el año 2018 y 2022, se analizó la relación entre la microbiota ocular sana, la disbiosis asociada al uso de lentes de contacto que desencadena afecciones oculares. La microbiota ocular en individuos sanos, se compone principalmente por bacterias de los filos: proteobacterias, actinobacteria y firmicutes. Estas comunidades bacterianas al verse asociadas al uso de lentes de contacto desarrollaron disbiosis, observándose un aumento de ciertos géneros como Staphylococcus spp. y Pseudomonas spp., que en condiciones normales son comensales de la superficie ocular, pero al estar aumentada su abundancia condicionan la aparición de diversas afecciones oculares como eventos infiltrativos corneales, queratitis y úlcera corneal bacterianas. Dichas patologías tienden a evolucionar de manera rápida, lo que, sumado a una detección y tratamiento tardíos, puede determinar un pronóstico visual deficiente. Se sugiere que, frente a diversas afecciones de la superficie ocular, los profesionales en el área de oftalmología conozcan la composición de las comunidades de microorganismos que conforman esta microbiota ocular, de manera de distinguir e identificar correctamente el agente causal y, con ello, brindar un tratamiento adecuado y efectivo al usuario (AU)

Normal ocular microbiota is composed of different Gram-negative and positive bacterial communities that act as commensals on the ocular surface. An imbalance in the homeostasis of the native species or dysbiosis triggers functional alterations that can eventually lead to ocular conditions, indicating the use of contact lenses as the most relevant predisposing factor. Through a bibliographic review that added scientific articles published between 2018 and 2022, the relationship between healthy ocular microbiota and dysbiosis associated with the use of contact lenses that trigger ocular conditions was analyzed. The ocular microbiota in healthy individuals is mainly composed of bacteria from the phyla: proteobacteria, actinobacteria and firmicutes. These bacterial communities associated with the use of contact lenses develop dysbiosis, observing an increase in certain genera such as Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp., which under normal conditions are commensals of the ocular surface, but as their abundance is increased, they condition the appearance of various ocular conditions such as corneal infiltrative events, bacterial keratitis and corneal ulcer. These pathologies tend to evolve rapidly, which, added to late detection and treatment, can lead to a poor visual prognosis. It is suggested that professionals in the ophthalmology area learn about the composition of the communities of microorganisms that make up this ocular microbiota, in order to correctly distinguish and identify the causative agent, thereby providing a adequate and effective treatment to the user (AU)

Assessment of diaphragmatic function through surface electromyography in healthy individuais. A cross-section observational study

Introduction: Diaphragmatic surface electromyography is a procedure designed to assess the diaphragm. The physiological values of the electrical activity may have potential use in rehabilitation, sports training, ventilatory support withdrawal in critical care units and follow-up of respiratory disease. Objective: To assess and describe the diaphragmatic function through surface electromyography in a population of individuals during spontaneous and forced breathing. Methods: Observational, exploratory cross-sectional study including subjects with no comorbidities. Diaphragmatic surface EMG was performed measuring the mean quadratic root during tidal volume and vital capacity breathing. The body composition of the participants was also assessed. Results: 28 males and 22 females were included in the study. The mean quadratic root of the tidal volume for two minutes was 13.94 nV for females and 13.31 nV for males. The vital capacity was 23.24 nV for males and 22.4 nV for females. A correlation was identified between the mean quadratic root, weight, and body surface. Conclusions: Mean quadratic root values of tidal volume in two minutes in healthy females and males have been documented. The mean quadratic root values are correlated with the physiological and functional characteristics of the participants.

Introducción: La electromiografía de superficie diafragmática es un procedimiento para la evaluación diafragmática. Los valores fisiológicos de la actividad eléctrica tendrían aplicaciones potenciales en rehabilitación, entrenamiento deportivo, en el retiro ventilatorio en unidades de cuidado crítico y en el seguimiento a patologías respiratorias. Objetivo: Evaluar y describir la función diafragmática a través de electromiografía de superficie diafragmática en una población de sujetos durante la respiración espontánea y la respiración forzada. Métodos: Estudio observacional exploratorio de corte transversal en el que se incluyeron sujetos sin comorbilidades. Se realizó electromiografía de superficie diafragmática midiendo la raíz cuadrática media durante respiraciones de volumen corriente y capacidad vital. Adicionalmente, se valoró la composición corporal de los participantes. Resultados: Se incluyeron 28 hombres y 22 mujeres. La raíz cuadrática media de volumen corriente por dos minutos fue de 13,94 µV para mujeres y 13,31 µV para hombres, mientras que la capacidad vital fue 23,24 µV para hombres y 22,4 µV para mujeres. Se encontró una correlación entre la raíz cuadrática media, el peso y la superficie corporal. Conclusiones: Se han documentado los valores de la raíz cuadrática media de volumen corriente por dos minutos en mujeres y hombres sanos. Los valores de la raíz cuadrática media se correlacionan con características fisiológicas y funcionales de los participantes.

Contact lenses and ocular dysbiosis, from the transitory to the pathological.

Normal ocular microbiota is composed of different Gram-negative and positive bacterial communities that act as commensals on the ocular surface. An imbalance in the homeostasis of the native species or dysbiosis triggers functional alterations that can eventually lead to ocular conditions, indicating the use of contact lenses as the most relevant predisposing factor. Through a bibliographic review that added scientific articles published between 2018 and 2022, the relationship between healthy ocular microbiota and dysbiosis associated with the use of contact lenses that trigger ocular conditions was analyzed. The ocular microbiota in healthy individuals is mainly composed of bacteria from the phyla: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. These bacterial communities associated with the use of contact lenses develop dysbiosis, observing an increase in certain genera such as Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp., which under normal conditions are commensals of the ocular surface, but as their abundance is increased, they condition the appearance of various ocular conditions such as corneal infiltrative events, bacterial keratitis and corneal ulcer. These pathologies tend to evolve rapidly, which, added to late detection and treatment, can lead to a poor visual prognosis. It is suggested that professionals in the ophthalmology area learn about the composition of the communities of microorganisms that make up this ocular microbiota, in order to correctly distinguish and identify the causative agent, thereby providing a adequate and effective treatment to the user.

Effects of whitening dentifrices on the enamel color, surface roughness, and morphology

The aim of this study was to evaluate the whitening and abrasion effects of dentifrices containing different whitening agents on artificially stained and unstained enamel. 160 human dental enamel discs were distributed into four groups according to the type of dentifrices applied on them (n=40): Group I, non-whitening dentifrice (control group); Group II, dentifrice containing charcoal; Group III, dentifrice containing blue covarine; Group IV, dentifrice containing hydrogen peroxide. Half of the specimens in each group were immersed in coffee solution. Color measurements were evaluated from stained and unstained specimens before and after brushing by a spectrophotometer. The surface roughness of each unstained specimen was analyzed using a profilometer after the brushing and bleaching. The surface of one randomly selected specimen from each group was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Statistical analysis of the color change was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate surface roughness. Group III provided significantly higher recovery on ΔE00 values than other groups on the unstained enamel (p<0.05). Group IV showed significantly the highest ΔE00 values on stained enamel (p<0.05) and also Group IV showed the highest surface roughness values (p<0.05), SEM revealed a more irregular surface in groups III and IV. It can be stated that dentifrice containing blue covarine is both an effective and a safe way to provide whiter teeth with routine home tooth brushing.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de blanqueamiento y abrasión de los dentífricos que contienen diferentes agentes blanqueadores en el esmalte teñido y no teñido artificialmente. Se distribuyeron 160 discos de esmalte dental humano en cuatro grupos según el tipo de dentífrico aplicado sobre ellos (n=40): Grupo I, dentífrico no blanqueador (grupo control); Grupo II, dentífrico que contiene carbón vegetal; Grupo III, dentífrico que contiene azul; Grupo IV, dentífrico que contiene peróxido de hidrógeno. La mitad de los especímenes de cada grupo se sumergieron en una solución de café. Las mediciones de color se evaluaron a partir de especímenes teñidos y no teñidos antes y después del cepillado con un espectrofotómetro. La rugosidad de la superficie de cada muestra sin teñir se analizó utilizando un perfilómetro después del cepillado y del clareamiento. La superficie de un espécimen seleccionado al azar de cada grupo se observó utilizando un microscopio electrónico de barrido (MEB). El análisis estadístico del cambio de color se realizó utilizando la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Se utilizó el ANOVA para evaluar la rugosidad de la superficie. El grupo III proporcionó una recuperación significativamente mayor en los valores de ΔE00 que otros grupos en el esmalte no teñido (p<0,05). El Grupo IV mostró significativamente los valores más altos de ΔE00 en el esmalte teñido (p<0.05) y también el Grupo IV mostró los valores más altos de rugosidad superficial (p<0.05), el análisis en MEB reveló una superficie más irregular en los grupos III y IV. Se puede afirmar que el dentífrico que contiene azul es una forma efectiva y segura de proporcionar dientes más claros con el cepillado de rutina en el hogar.

Spontaneous hemoperitoneum during pregnancy: three case reports and literature review.

OBJECTIVES: This case report presented cases with spontaneous hemoperitoneum during pregnancy. CASE REPORT: Case 1 presented with acute abdominal pain with signs of shock. Cases 2 and 3 both presented with stable vital signs and the sudden decline of fetal heart rate. Cesarean section was performed at 27, 36+4, and 34 gestational weeks, respectively. Bleeding sites were founded on the surface of the uterus or the parametrium. The perinatal outcome was stillbirth, live birth, and neonatal severe asphyxia. CONCLUSION: Careful physical examination, strict monitoring of vital signs, and timely surgical intervention are critical for improving the prognosis.

OBJETIVO: Este caso clínico presentó casos con hemoperitoneo espontáneo durante el embarazo. REPORTE DEL CASO: El caso 1 presentó dolor abdominal agudo con signos de shock, los casos 2 y 3 se presentaron ambos con signos vitales estables y la disminución repentina de la frecuencia cardíaca fetal. La cesárea se realizó a las 27, 36 + 4 y 34 semanas de gestación, respectivamente. Los sitios de sangrado se encontraron en la superficie del útero o el parametrio. CONCLUSIÓN: Un control estricto de los signos vitales y una intervención quirúrgica oportuna son fundamentales para mejorar el pronóstico.

Convergence insufficiencyCentral mini-plication of medial rectusDiplopiaConsecutive esotropiaSurgical overcorrection / Detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in tears: Ocular surface immunity to COVID-19

Objetivos Evaluar la presencia de anticuerpos IgA e IgG específicos del SARS-CoV-2 en lágrima de sujetos no vacunados y vacunados contra la COVID-19 con antecedentes de infección SARS-CoV-2. Correlacionar los resultados en lágrima con los de saliva y sangre, datos clínicos y regímenes de vacunación. Métodos Estudio transversal que incluyó a sujetos con antecedentes de infección SARS-CoV-2, tanto no vacunados como vacunados contra la COVID-19. Se recogieron 3muestras: lágrima, saliva y sangre. Se analizaron IgA e IgG frente a S-1 SARS-CoV-2 con ELISA semicuantitativo. Resultados Treinta sujetos, con una edad media 36,4±10, varones 13/30 (43,3%) con historia de infección SARS-CoV-2 leve; 13/30 (43,3%) habían recibido un régimen de 2 dosis y 13/30 (43,3%) un régimen de 3 dosis de vacunación anti-COVID-19, 4/30 (13,3%) no estaban vacunados. Todos los sujetos con vacunación completa presentaron IgA detectable en los 3biofluidos. Entre los no vacunados, se detectó IgA en 3/4 sujetos en lágrima y saliva, mientras que no se detectó IgG. No se observaron diferencias entre la pauta de vacunación de 2 y 3 dosis según los títulos IgA-IgG. Conclusiones Anticuerpos IgA e IgG del SARS-CoV-2 están presentes en lágrimas de pacientes con antecedentes de COVID-19 leve, lo que destaca el papel de la superficie ocular como primera línea de defensa frente a la infección. La mayoría de los sujetos no vacunados presentaron IgA a largo plazo en lágrima y saliva. La inmunización híbrida (infección natural más vacunación) parece potenciar las respuestas IgG mucosas y sistémicas. No se observaron diferencias entre la pauta de 2 y 3 dosis (AU)

Purpose To evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA and IgG antibodies in tears of unvaccinated and anti-COVID-19 vaccinated subjects with previous history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To compare results in tears with those in saliva and serum and correlate with clinical data and vaccination regimens. Methods Cross-sectional study including subjects with a previous history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, both unvaccinated and vaccinated against COVID-19. Three samples were collected: tears, saliva and serum. IgA and IgG antibodies against S-1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed with a semi-quantitative ELISA. Results Thirty subjects, mean age 36.4±10, males 13/30 (43.3%) with history of mild SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. 13/30 (43.3%) subjects had received a 2-dose regimen and 13/30 (43.3%) a 3-dose regimen of anti-COVID-19 vaccine, 4/30 (13.3%) subjects were unvaccinated. All the participants with full anti-COVID-19 vaccination (2-or 3-doses) presented detectable anti-S1 specific IgA in all 3biofluids, tears, saliva and serum. Among unvaccinated subjects, specific IgA was detected in 3/4 subjects in tears and saliva, whereas IgG was not detected. Considering IgA and IgG antibodies titers, no differences were observed between the 2- and 3-dose vaccination regimen. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG antibodies were detected in tears after mild COVID-19, highlighting the role of the ocular surface as a first line of defense against infection. Most naturally infected unvaccinated individuals exhibit long-term specific IgA in tears and saliva. Hybrid immunization (natural infection plus vaccination) appears to enhance mucosal and systemic IgG responses. However, no differences were observed between the 2- and 3-dose vaccination schedule (AU)

Longitudinal changes in brain structure and their relationship with subclinical psychiatric symptoms in parents who lost their only child in China.

BACKGROUND: Losing an only child (Shidu) is a grievous traumatic event that may affect brain structure, even if it does not lead to psychiatric disorders. However, longitudinal changes in brain structure and their relationship to subclinical psychiatric symptoms (SPS) have not been well investigated in Shidu parents without any psychiatric disorders (SDNP). OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal changes in cortical thickness and surface area in SDNP, and to explore their relationship with SPS. METHODS: A total of 50 SDNP and 40 matched healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. All participants underwent structural MRI scans and clinical assessment at baseline and at the 5-year follow-up. Differences in brain structural phenotypes (cortical thickness, surface area, and their annual rate of change) between the SDNP and HC groups were compared using FreeSurfer. Correlations between significant brain structural phenotypes and SPS in the SDNP group were evaluated using multiple linear regressions. RESULTS: The SDNP group showed a smaller surface area in the left inferior parietal cortex than the HC group at baseline and follow-up. The SDNP group showed slower rates of cortical thinning and surface area loss in several brain regions than the HC group from baseline to follow-up. Moreover, slower rates of cortical thinning in the left insula, superior frontal cortex, and superior temporal cortex were associated with greater reductions in avoidance, depression, and trauma re-experiencing symptoms scores over time in the SDNP group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Shidu trauma-induced structural abnormalities in the inferior parietal cortex may persist over time and be independent of the severity of psychiatric symptoms. The expansion of prefrontal, temporal, and insular cortex implicated in emotional regulation may contribute to improvements in psychiatric symptoms in Shidu parents.

This study focused on longitudinal changes in cortical thickness and surface area and their relationship with subclinical psychiatric symptoms in Shidu parents without any psychiatric disorders.Shidu trauma-induced structural abnormalities in the inferior parietal cortex may persist over time and be independent of the severity of psychiatric symptoms.The expansion of prefrontal, temporal, and insular cortex implicated in emotional regulation may contribute to improvements in psychiatric symptoms in Shidu parents.